Introduction

Surgery using fiber probe are seen as substitutes to conventional endoscopic surgery.
Instead of common silica-glass fiber optics several types of special fibers called hollow optical fiber have been developed.
Urology and reflector applications.

Endoscopy

A minimally invasive diagnostic medical procedure.
The examination of internal body cavities by using a specialized medical instrument called an endoscope.
Gives visual evidence of the problem.
e.g cancer, ulceration or inflammation.
Can be used to collect a sample of tissue or remove problematic tissue.
Used to take photograph of the hollow internal organs.
Performed under Conscious sedation
Total Anesthesia
Physicians use endoscopy to diagnose, monitor, and surgically treat various medical problems.
A surgeon introduces the endoscope into the body either through ,
a body opening, such as the mouth or the anus.
through a small incision in the skin.
A slender, flexible or rigid tube.
Equipped with lenses and a light source.
CCDs are used to feed a video to the monitor.
Through the accessory channels of the endoscope water and air is supplied to wash and dry the surgical site.
Has a channel through which surgeons can manipulates tiny instruments, such as forceps, surgical scissors, and suction devices.
A variety of instruments can be fitted to the endoscope for different purposes

Ho:YAG lasers with a wavelength of vicinity about of 2 μm are popularly used.
Ho:YAG laser light can be transmitted by silica-based glass fiber optics
The laser light is delivered to a kidney and or bladder .
Er:YAG lasers are recently getting focused for urology applications because of
their high-efficiency.
they cause little damage on to surrounding healthy tissues.
A common silica-glass fiber optics cannot transmit Er:YAG laser light due to absorption by the glass.
So several types of special fibers have been developed.

A hollow optical fiber with inner/outer diameter of 0.7/0.9 mm
It is inserted into a working channel of thin endoscope (2.7 mm in diameter) to deliver Er:YAG laser light.
Since a sharp bending is at the opening port of working channel, a large bending loss is induced in the hollow fiber when transmitting the laser light.
In this endoscope, bundled glass fiber optics for transferring visible image is taken out to side direction
the hollow optical fiber is kept straight at the opening port to reduce bending losses.